The Sun Microsystems UltraSPARC is a 64-bit superscalar processor released in late 1995 with help from Texas Instruments, following the widely successful earlier SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) designs. Being a scalable chip, as the silicon semiconductor technology improves, the design rules may be tightened, resulting in a more compact layout that takes advantage of innovations without a total redesign of the architecture.

View a medium magnification image of the UltraSPARC processor.

View a high magnification image of the UltraSPARC processor.

The Sun UltraSPARC can issue up to four simultaneous instructions to any of nine units: two integer units, two of five floating-point/graphics units (add, add and multiply, divide, and square root), and two load/store units. Sun added a block move instruction to the UltraSPARC, which bypasses the caches to avoid disrupting stored instructions and data. The Sun UltraSPARC I and II were architecturally the same, but varied in their fabrication technology. The UltraSPARC II features clock speeds ranging from 300 to 480 MHz, and is based on Sun's 0.25-micron semiconductor linewidth process.

The UltraSPARC III concentrates on improved data and instruction bandwidth, instead of addressing the need for in-order execution of instructions. The processor is also able to dispatch six instructions, rather than four, to the functional units in a fourteen-stage pipeline. Equipped with a scalable clock speed between 600 MHz and 750 MHz (for multi-processing), the UltraSPARC III is based on Sun's improved 0.18-micron technology.

The specialized pixel operations (Visual Instruction Set or VIS) of the UltraSPARC can operate in parallel on 8, 16, or 32-bit integer values packed into a 64-bit floating-point register. More advanced than other competing graphics instruction sets, such as the Intel MMX instructions, Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC MAX, and Motorola 88110 graphics extensions, VIS also features dimensional conversion, edge processing, pattern matching, and pixel distance calculations for MPEG encoders.

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