What appears to some as mere green pond scum masks the intricate and beautiful world of filamentous algae, which is clearly visible to the microscopist and botanist. Owing its generic name, Spirogyra, to the unique manner in which members of this genus twist their green chloroplasts into spirals, this key characteristic makes it easy to recognize species in this cosmopolitan genus of the phylum Gamophyta (conjugating green algae) in the division Chlorophyta.

Often an indicator of "nutrient enrichment" (actually, over-fertilization because of excess nitrate and phosphate pollution in contaminated stormwater runoff), freshwater ponds, ditches, vernal pools, and springs are often choked with tangles of this multicellular alga. In the full sun of the day, the algal mats produce a relatively large volume of oxygen that adheres as tiny bubbles between the verdant strands, and which can boost the dissolved oxygen concentration of a microcosm above supersaturation. At night and on overcast days, the process reverses and the simple plants consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide as a metabolic waste product of cellular respiration. When the algae occur in highly fertile waters in thick mats, wide fluctuations in the dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations of the water column can result in rapid changes in the water's pH, causing stress or even death to obligate aquatic organisms such as fish.

There are more than 400 species in the genus worldwide, and they are distinguishable by the species-specific spores of the reproducing filaments. During times of impending environmental stress, such as extended droughts or heat waves, Spirogyra switches from asexual to sexual reproduction. Genetic material contained in isogametes is exchanged via temporary conjugating tubes between adjacent filaments, or even cells from the same filament, forming an egg-shaped, orange zygospore. The zygospore is adapted to surviving harsh conditions, with a thick cell wall, and emerges as a new algal filament once the environment is more favorable, perhaps after overwintering in the sediments. Nearly transparent, chloroplasts, pyrenoids, and nuclei housed within the Spirogyra cell wall are easily viewed under magnification, as are new cells formed by asexual cellular division that can lead to new filaments via fragmentation.

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