As one of the few liquid alkaloids, nicotine constitutes about 5 percent of a tobacco plant by weight. While nicotine is found throughout the tobacco plant, it occurs in the highest concentrations in the leaves, and ranges from 1 to 8 percent by weight in a typical cigarette.

View a second image of nicotine.

Alkaloids, such as nicotine, are nitrogenous organic compounds that have marked effects on human physiology. Acetylcholine is the natural agonist for the same receptors that bind nicotine, which are particularly concentrated in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). As the primary addictive ingredient that acts as a stimulant, nicotine is also marketed over-the-counter as Nicoderm, Nicorette, and ProStep for weaning smokers away from their habits. These products are manufactured as either chewing gum or transdermal patches. Nicotine, evolved by plants to ward off potential herbivores, is a very effective insecticide and aquatic toxicant, and in its purified form, is a deadly poison for some individuals if ingested. However, nicotine is often prescribed to patients suffering strychnine poisoning and tetanus.

In its pure form nicotine is colorless, but when exposed to light or air, it acquires a brown color and gives off a strong tobacco odor. Both nicotine and the genus name for the tobacco plant (Nicotiana) were named for Jean Nicot, a French ambassador to Portugal, who sent tobacco seeds to Paris in 1550. Crude nicotine was known by 1571, and the compound was first purified in 1828. By 1843, the correct molecular formula had been established, and in 1904 it was synthesized in the laboratory. Featuring 10 carbons, 14 hydrogens, and 2 nitrogen atoms per molecule, nicotine is known to biochemists as 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine or beta-pyridyl-alpha-N-methylpyrrolidine. It has a boiling point of 247 degrees Celsius and a melting point of -80 degrees Celsius. Interestingly, only the non-polar form of nicotine can enter the cells and blood stream while the polarized, or charged version, simply passes through the body's systems and is eliminated. For this reason, cigarette manufacturers have been well disciplined in including a base in their products in order to remove troublesome protons.

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