Many pine tree roots are parasitized by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Although these fungi can sometimes cause a tree to die, many live symbiotically with the trees, enhancing water and nutrient (particularly phosphorus) uptake. In return, the trees provide carbohydrates for the fungi. Some ectomycorrhizal fungus species produce edible mushrooms, such as porcini and matsutake. Matsutake (matsu = pine; take = mushroom) is the collective Japanese common name for these mushrooms. Matsutake has been considered an autumn delicacy in Japan for hundreds of years and fills a niche in the Japanese gourmet market similar to truffles in Europe.